In these tales one encounters such topics as regicide, matricide, patricide, fratricide, premarital relations between the sexes and more, all related in the typical manner of the Russian folktale. Although the tales are easily recognized as wondertales, or fairy tales, their treatment of the traditional matter is anything but usual. The tales, distinguished by their extraordinary length and by the manner in which they were commonly told, appear to have flourished only in the twentieth century and only in Russian Karelia. Since 1999, there has been a federal ban on exporting roots younger than five years old, when plants are too young to reproduce.This volume of folktales from the Far North of European Russia features seventeen works by five narrators of the Russian tale, all recorded in the twentieth century. Harvest levels have been regulated since the 1970s. Several states do not allow wild ginseng export. Exports are regulated under Appendix II of CITES, the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Regulations aim to protect wild American ginseng. Harvest rates tend to rise and fall with the national unemployment rate, as Chamberlain and his colleagues research has shown. “Ginseng and other non-timber forest products may provide an economic safety net in Appalachia and other rural areas of the eastern U.S.,” says James Chamberlain, Research Forest Products Technologist at the Forest Service’s Southern Research Station. Between 20, harvesters made $22 to $43 million annually from the sale of wild-harvested ginseng root. They account for about 70 percent of the total harvest. Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia are the top producers of wild-harvested American ginseng. Today, wild American ginseng mostly grows in the southern Appalachians. “If I take a hike, you can still hike, too.”Īdditionally, ginseng faces biological limits on reproduction as plants must be at least five years old before they begin to reproduce. “It’s not like hiking, for example,” says Frey. The harvest is rivalrous – once a plant is harvested, it is gone. Functionally, ginseng is an open-access resource, even though it is not open-access in the legal sense. For instance, restricting access is difficult. Ginseng has several things in common with marine fisheries. “It’s not very common.” Frey and his colleagues are the first to show that non-timber forest products can have backward-bending supply curves.īackward-bending supply curves were identified in the 1950s, in the context of marine fisheries. “A very narrow set of conditions allow a resource to operate with a backward-bending supply curve,” adds Frey. Typically, as price increases, producers supply more. Supply curves show how price and quantity are related.
“It indicates a backward-bending supply curve.” “It’s pretty unusual that the more effort put towards producing something, the less is produced,” says USDA Forest Service researcher Greg Frey. But recently, the average harvest amount has dwindled while price has skyrocketed. Tens of thousands of pounds are harvested from the wild each year.
The American ginseng is a plant of great value. A team of USDA Forest Service researchers has shown that the species has a backward-bending supply curve. Wild American ginseng harvests keep falling, even as prices rise.
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